Skip to main content

Academic Sources

Why Should I Care?

Academics insist on a neutral tone in academic papers and monographs. They usually don't appreciate screaming headlines, aggressive statements, and overly enthusiastic comment. They wish to appear non-partisan, unbiased, independent, and objective. They also avoid using the first person, because it can be used to sway opinion, rather than convince with hard facts.

This lesson has 3 parts

  • Peer-Review Process
  • Academic Voice
  • Parts of the Paper

What is an Academic Source?

An academic source, whether in social science, or in natural science, is a text published in a scholarly peer-reviewed publication, using a formal tone called the Academic Voice. There are many types of academic sources.

Scholarly

Article

Monograph

 

  • Scholarly publications (Journals) A scholarly publication contains articles written by experts in a particular field. ...


  • Books / Book Chapters. ...
  • Conference proceedings. ...

  • Theses & Dissertations.

 

    • Peer-Review Process

    The peer-review process ensures that science papers are evaluated by experts in the field of study, prior to publication. The process should be double-blind. This means that the author does not know who is reviewing their paper, and the reviewers do not know who the author is.

    This is why the paper is submitted with no mention of the author's name or identity in the text, which can be separated from the cover page. The paper is submitted to the journal's editor, who is the only person to know the identities of the author and the reviewers.

    The peer-review process is typical of an academic journal, but it is also the case with publishers of academic books, such as the Oxford University Press, the McGill-Queen's University Press, or the Presses de l'Université du Québec.

    If you are not sure if the journal you are looking into is peer-reviewed. you can consult their website, under the instructions for article submissions.

    • Academic Voice

    The article is intended for a narrow audience of scientists interested in the same field. However, this does not mean it should be impossible to read by anyone else. Your job is to adopt the jargon and tone expected from the discipline and the level of reading of your readers. For this project, your paper should aim to be readable by a strong Sec 4 student.

    The Basic Rules

    Tone is formal, not personal. Popular writers avoid this style because it makes for a less-than-interesting read for their magazine, news and book readers.

    Not using the neutral tone of Academic Voice can lead readers to believe you are trying to convince them with rhetoric, and tricks of the tongue, instead of cold-hard facts and implacable arguments. You should master the Academic Voice writing style now because it is expected in university and increases your credibility by convincing readers of your academic integrity and impartiality.

    • Don’t use first person. No ‘I’, no ‘We’.
      • If you need to refer to yourself, use 'The author' instead of 'I'.
        • Ex: The author believes that butter tastes better than margarine.
    • Don’t tell a story.
    • Don’t state anything as a personal opinion.
    • Relate the opinions of others.
    • Show both sides of the issue.
    • Don’t use “awesome” qualifiers that make the story more interesting.
    • Use active sentences.
      • Passive sentences are to be avoided. (This is passive)
      • Avoid passive sentences. (This is active)
    • Don’t use deductive fallacy, or bad logic, even if it sounds convincing. Examples:
      • Tautology:  “God exists because it is written in the Bible. The Bible is true because it was inspired by God.” (Also known as the circular argument)
      • False objection: “My dog had rabies, I had to kill him.” (The dog was not sick, but kept defecating on the living room carpet)
      • Guilt by association:  “You are young, and all my employees are young and lazy. You must be lazy.” (Also known as prejudicial discrimination)

    More examples: http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophisme

    • Parts of the Paper

    A science paper has six sections:

    1. Abstract and Introduction
      The abstract is a short summary of the paper, including data, method, findings and conclusions. The introduction is an opening set of paragraphs that allow the reader to understand the context of the research, and the organization of the paper.

    2. Literature Review
      The literature review presents prior research results, and other facts relevant to the paper. All sources are cited, and referenced.

    3. Methodology
      This section presents how the original data in this paper was collected.

    4. Results / Findings
      This section presents the analysis of the data collected for this paper. Includes summary tables and graphs.

    5. Discussion / Conclusion
      This section discusses the scientific implications of the data analysis, and how this fits in with the prior research. Does this paper contradict, or infirm, other papers? The conclusion speaks to policy implications from this paper. Should something be done about this, given the new data?

    6. References
      The references is a list of documents which were cited in the text. The list is organized by alphabetical order of the last name of the first author of each document.

     

    LICENSES AND ATTRIBUTIONS


    Back to top