Types of Logic

Why Should I Care?

Your understanding of the problem depends on the type of logic you are using. The earthy – got your feet on the ground – scientists prefer an inductive approach. The distant – rather be in an office – scientists usually prefer a deductive approach. Both have advantages and disadvantages.

Definitions

• Rational Thought/Logic:
  The ability to argue a point in a very strict manner.
  
  
• Inductive Logic:
  From observable parts you build an unknown whole. Based on observations and leads to probable conclusions.
  
  
• Deductive Logic:
  From the observable whole you deduct unknown parts. Based on assumptions, and deductions and leads to guaranteed conclusions.

The Process of Inductive Logic

Inductive Reasoning starts with observations of particulars and tries to make sense of them, by drawing a probable conclusion. Conclusions are likely, but not guaranteed. Researchers then go to empirical work to confirm the insights.

Observations: if A + B + C + D

First prediction: then probably X, but maybe not

Second prediction: then probably Z, but maybe not.

Example: This girl is slim, tall, has blonde hair, and her teeth are straight.
                She is probably pretty, and probably going to marry an attractive male.

                 (The girl could also be ugly, or not straight, or prefer ugly men)

Advantages:  Rooted in truthful real-life observations. Allows for a very descriptive approach. Depth, and holism.

Disadvantages: The observations make the conclusion likely, but not guaranteed. Not usable in courts of law (Walks like a thief: not enough to be jailed).

Disciplines of choice:  Sociology, Psychology, History, Anthropology

The Process of Deductive Logic

Deductive Reasoning starts with observations, may add assumptions, and deducts a single outcome. Researcher must then do more empirical work to see if this logic holds in a real-life setting. 

Observations: if A

Assumptions: and assuming that F and G are unchanged

First deduction: then Z

Example: The soccer game is on either Thursday or Friday.
                 Assuming it won’t be on Friday because it’s a holiday.
                 The game must be on Thursday.

Advantages: Rooted in hard logic. When it works, it allows for a single conclusion. Used in courts. Used in simulations, and models. Clarity, and Strength.

Disadvantages: Strong assumptions are often needed to single out a conclusion. Conclusions may be completely opposed to real-life observations.

Disciplines of choice: Economics

The hypothetico-deductive model

The hypothetico-deductive method is an approach to research in certain social science disciplines that begins with a theory about how things work and derives testable hypotheses from it. It is a form of deductive reasoning in that it begins with general principles, assumptions, and ideas, and works from them to more particular statements about what the world actually looks like and how it works. The hypotheses are then tested by gathering and analyzing data and the theory is then either supported or refuted by the results. During the scientific process, deductive reasoning is used to reach a logical and true conclusion. In inductive inference, we go from the specific to the general. We make many observations, discern a pattern, make a generalization, and infer an explanation or a theory.

 

Exercise – Archetypes and Stereotypes

Most of our heated political debates have to do with discrimination. The core of this issue has to do with Archetypes, and Stereotypes. We will first define both.

• Archetype: In philosophy, this is a general model representative of a group. In psychology, Jung defined it as a universal symbol of a type, or as a person that serves as a model for the group. For example, Arnold Schwarzenegger my be seen as the archetype of a strong man.
• Stereotype: In sociology, this is a belief that someone holds about the characteristics of the members of another group. Can be positive or negative. Can be resistant to new information and be generalized excessively.

Categorize the following statements as being archetypes/stereotypes, based on inductive/deductive logic, and being moral/immoral.

Statement	Archetype/ Stereotype	Inductive/ Deductive	Moral/ Immoral
Michael Jordan is the GOAT	Archetype	Inductive	Moral
Scottish Men are Notoriously Cheap	Stereotype	Inductive	Immoral
Irish Guys are Tough People	Stereotype	Inductive	Immoral
Qc average income is below Can average	Neither	Deductive	Moral
Uneducated Men with Gangster neck Tattoos Should Not Be Trusted as Babysitters	Stereotype	Inductive	Moral
Queen Elizabeth was a Model for British Women	Archetype	Inductive	Moral

Stereotypes and Archetypes are used by almost everyone in society. We use them to evaluate our peers, our neighbours and the risk that they pose to our well-being, our communities, our institutions, and our workplaces.

Stereotypes quickly become toxic social constructions when people use them to discriminate on the basis of a social grouping and its perceived characteristic. It is up to society to determine when a stereotype becomes immoral, and this determination may change over time. For example, tattoos have become widely accepted in society, when in the past they were indicative of untrustworthy individuals. However, neck and face tattoos still provoke stigma and discrimination.

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